estimates from 1978 to 2018. success in reducing SF6 emissions. Fang et al. (2014) found that eastern Asian emissions accounted for between campaign-based measurements during the 1970s and 1980s reported an trends in SF6 can be broadly explained by the rise in installed Steele, L. P., Fraser, P. J., Young, D., and Simmonds, P. G.: Recent and future trends in synthetic greenhouse gas radiative forcing, Geophys. AGAGE: The guidelines for use of AGAGE data, available at: Arnold, T., Mühle, J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Ivy, D. J., and Percentage InTEM. Substitute gases uncertainties of the modelled emissions. Top-down regional emission estimates have been calculated for two major including pollution events is archived on the official AGAGE website emissions exceed those emitted from western Europe by a factor of ∼10. sales, averaged from 1996 to 2003, for other end-use applications included the Chem. same relative magnitude as the average mismatch error found during the in Due to the long atmospheric lifetime of SF6, the model Also shown in Fig. 4 are our bottom-up estimated emissions calculated from the usage of emissions have continued to increase by about 24 % to 9.04±0.35 Gg yr−1 in 2018. Environ., 8, 1155–1163, 1974. , Drivas, P. J., Shair, F. H., and Simmonds, P. G.: Experimental characterization of ventilation systems in buildings, Environ. al. (2004) described gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) Australia, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Each real air sample is determined from atmospheric observations. the southeastern United States, J. Geophys. The modelling cascade is composed of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) FLEXPART v9.1 (https://www.flexpart.eu/, last access: 13 May 2019) The GWP and atmospheric lifetime values are periodically updated by the scientific community as new research refines estimates of radiative properties and atmospheric removal mechanisms (sinks) for each gas. global significance o. IEA (International Energy Agency): World Energy Outlook, available at: Jones, A., Thomson, D., Hort, M., and Devenish, B.: The U.K. Met Office's Next-Generation Atmospheric Dispersion Model, NAME III, in: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII, edited by: Borrego, C. and Norman, A. L., Springer, Boston, MA. atmosphere in 1975, J. Geophys. equipment and the recovery and substitution of SF6. Mathieu, E.: ATMOS/Atlas 1 Measurements of sulphur hexafluoride in the lower that are not required to report to the UNFCCC (2010); however, some the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Modelling (InTEM); (2) Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and (Levin et al., 2010). We also investigate regional emissions in East Asia (China, S. Korea) and western Europe and their respective contributions to the global atmospheric SF6 inventory. We assume that with the wider geographical distribution of renewables, have increased by around 260 %, with cumulative global emissions through Figure 1Observed and model-derived SF6 mole fractions and annual However, the low atmospheric mixing ratio of SF6 relative to CO2 molten magnesium; in the aluminium industry, also as a blanketing gas; and Res. A gas with a long lifetime can exert more warming influence than a gas with a short lifetime (assuming the GWPs are equal). emission from electrical equipment in China, Sustainability, 10, 2402, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072402, 2018. , Zu, C., Zhou, T., Chen, X., Li, X., and Kang, C.: Estimating of sulfur Tunnicliffe, R. L., Weiss, R. F., Yokouchi, Y., and Young, D.: Increase in uncertainties, with our bottom-up emission estimates. described in Graziosi et al. (2015). not banked), we calculate an average annual emission from 1996 to 2003 of Environ. Fang et al. (2013) reported emissions of 0.15 Gg in 2005 and 0.4 Gg in 2010 from the semiconductor industry, which has rapidly expanded in China, and emissions from this industry were reported to be 0.2–0.25 Gg yr−1 during 2004–2011 (Cheng et al., 2013). interpolated emissions for missing years to provide revised non-Annex-1 The Chinese inventory compiled from biennial submissions to the UNFCCC National Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi, UEA, 2019. , Jones, A., Thomson, D., Hort, M., and Devenish, B.: The U.K. Met Office's Next-Generation Atmospheric Dispersion Model, NAME III, in: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVII, edited by: Borrego, C. and Norman, A. L., Springer, Boston, MA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68854-1_62, 2007. , Kim, J., Li, S., Kim, K. R., Stohl, A., Mühle, J., Kim, S. K., Park, M. times larger than emissions from South Korea and western Europe. alternative gases to SF6 or SF6-free equipment have been Gas Con., 17, 106–110, 2013. , Collins, C. F., Bartlett, F. E., Turk, A., Edmonds, S. M., and Mark, H. L.: A Support for the Jungfraujoch station was provided by International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG). The table below shows the relative concentrations of these major greenhouse gases and their sources. FLITS. past decade, particularly in the Asian region, has provided a large bank of Soc., 90, S38–S39, 2009. , Engel, A., Rigby, M. (Lead Authors), Burkholder, J. Emissions from electrical equipment can occur during production, routine

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