[55] Augustinian scholars have argued that God created the world perfectly, with no evil or human suffering. [71] Ash'arites hold that God creates everything, including human actions, but distinguish creation (khalq) from acquisition (kasb) of actions. (2) The woe oracles confront the prevalence of evil in the world and the justice those acts have earned (3) The vision of the manifestation of God is a recognition of God's power to address these issues (4) God as a warrior will fight for his people (5) The song of triumph says the faithful will prevail by holding to trust and hope. As a theologian among the Church Fathers who articulated a theory of apokatastasis (or universal reconciliation), Origen of Alexandria provides a more direct theological comparison for the discussion of Hick's presentation of universal salvation and theodicy. "[12] Christian philosophers and theologians such as Richard Swinburne and N. T. Wright also define evil in terms of effect saying an "...act is objectively good (or bad) if it is good (or bad) in its consequences". The Warning Theodicy rationalizes evil as God’s warning to people to mend their ways. In this model, natural evil is either a punishment for sin or the result of the disturbance of the order of things through acts of moral evil. "[12] Buddhism defines various types of evil, one type defines as behavior resulting from a failure to emotionally detach from the world. This faithful anti-theodicy is worked out in a long letter of 26 April 1965 to Elie Wiesel. She is currently working on a study comparing and contrasting Hindu and the Christian Orthodox beliefs. It is simply that the Bible operates within a cosmic, moral and spiritual landscape rather than within a rationalist, abstract, ontological landscape. Plantinga's version of the free-will defence argued that the coexistence of God and evil is not logically impossible, and that free will further explains the existence of evil without threatening the existence of God. Kant has been an important influence on philosophers like Hanna Arendt, Claudia Card, and Richard Bernstein. Theodicy, (from Greek theos, “god”; dikē, “justice”), explanation of why a perfectly good, almighty, and all-knowing God permits evil. As the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky argues in The Brothers Karamazov (1879–80), an appeal to a putative compensation in the afterlife and an “eternal harmony” must not be used to avoid the issues of justice and atonement. Learn. [75] He held that divine creation is good from a causal standpoint, as God creates all things for wise purposes. [71], Most Sunni theologians analyzed theodicy from an anti-realist metaethical standpoint. Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil By Mark S. M. Scott, Pathways in Theodicy: An Introduction to the Problem of Evil, By Mark S. M. Scott. [30], The philosopher Richard Swinburne says "most theists need a theodicy, [they need] an account of reasons why God might allow evil to occur. … 171–195. (Genesis 18:25). More specifically, I shall provide an account of the concept that takes its logical aspects seriously into consideration as well as satisfies the basic intuitions philosophers of religions have had about it. ), URL = <. Theodicies and defenses are two forms of response to what is known in theology and philosophy as the problem of evil. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. One popular method has been to reassert the inherent justice of the world, implying, if not explicitly claiming, the righteousness of the suffering that we witness throughout it.
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